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https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1605646601186-VC7VHSPIW4NYMFBE9CLG/DSC_0186.JPG Our Vision - Active Learning Is Best Lectures, textbooks, demonstrations, homework problems and tests all have a valid role to play in education, but the most effective and memorable learning experiences often center on projects. When learners make decisions about how to achieve something real, they can succeed in astonishing ways. Sometimes the appropriate project may be small—almost like a homework problem but with a real outcome and with real decisions about what data to use. An example of a small project might be to estimate the pressure to which bombs are subjected at the bottom of the Bay of Bengal. Sometimes the goal of an appropriate project is much larger, such as deciding what (if anything) ought to be done about the enormous quantities of surplus chemical warfare agents which were dumped into oceans around the world during and after World War II. We strive to provide ideas and resources for learners as they engage in projects of any scale. https://www.hoosierscientist.com/oceandumping daily 0.75 2021-01-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1605721096768-0ZNNHJ4199HQA3CWX4OE/MapLink.jpg Ocean Dumping of Chemical Weapons Worldwide Ocean Dumps of Chemical Weapons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1605724674103-6T47JYR73AZ0RARCTFMT/M79ChemicalBomb.jpg Ocean Dumping of Chemical Weapons 1000-lb M79 Chemical Bomb (courtesy Bulletpicker.com) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1605733179902-PFRRJA4K0HRBG6FG2WJE/Jeremiah_O%27Brien_sideM.jpg Ocean Dumping of Chemical Weapons Liberty Ship, similar to the George B Porter & O. B. Martin which were used in the Bay of Bengal dumps https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1606153353833-NFT7HYGCOCCBQG4KA7KT/about-cdc.jpg Ocean Dumping of Chemical Weapons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1606153983163-H5GLFYE4UUAK325H1CCL/United_States_Department_of_Defense_Seal.svg.png Ocean Dumping of Chemical Weapons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1606154223329-CA0GK3LN6RF8FGQ2CDSB/BombHunters-NATO.jpg Ocean Dumping of Chemical Weapons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1606154541523-O74EZRYGR8LV5HA3PDMX/NorthwestFloridaNews.jpg Ocean Dumping of Chemical Weapons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1606409346865-CMHGSFEGFZ1O4TOSNFTH/191021-O-ZZ999-001.jpg Ocean Dumping of Chemical Weapons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1607439311817-54X3D8E6YL72MT13JIDV/SeatlePress.jpg Ocean Dumping of Chemical Weapons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1610914861772-Q50ODH4N0CWRH0ZDBDKA/180201-b3-munitions-678x381.jpg Ocean Dumping of Chemical Weapons Kerry Jones, CBRNE Analytical and Remediation Activity https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1610915070587-CQEB737C5GYYRUSFF8LV/RCWM_JACADS_R.jpg Ocean Dumping of Chemical Weapons Johnson Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1610916576669-IOKVW2LGVHQZ2XOLTUTY/TrainingVideo.jpg Ocean Dumping of Chemical Weapons WW2 Training Video https://www.hoosierscientist.com/rgb daily 0.75 2020-11-17 https://www.hoosierscientist.com/home daily 1.0 2025-12-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1606078655437-HRJR8GWCHU4FHZ5OSMHC/nsfsmall.gif Home https://www.hoosierscientist.com/our-team daily 0.75 2022-11-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1605644009097-9LRG76GX4F56JV0H877E/DSC_4612.jpg Our Team - Fred Thomas Tobias Keene, D.D.S. Hailing from Richmond, Virginia, Dr. Tobias Keene brings a bit of unabashed Southern hospitality to all his patients. He moved to Washington, D.C. over thirty years ago as a freshman at Ivy College. Right after graduation, he attended World University’s School of Dentistry. Before opening Keene Dental in 1994, he worked for free clinics and some of the finest practices in the District. He is part of the 123 Dental Association and stays up-to-date on the latest dental discoveries. When not striving to keep his patients happy and healthy, he’s enjoys hiking with his family in Rock Creek Park. https://www.hoosierscientist.com/rogerthomas daily 0.75 2021-10-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1a491c86-8486-4e04-9265-6707ed4f4f65/ODL-DadWTrucks.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Sgt. Roger Thomas with Gas-Handling Trucks https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/f765d5ee-2845-4488-bfa0-37470f9fc097/ODL-Dad.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Sgt. Roger Thomas https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/4189cb78-0c78-446c-9219-2ab3f6b5fe44/ODL-Truck-side.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Gas Handling Truck. Note the pressure gauge. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/9193db13-8e99-4515-ac5d-143ccb4c1108/ODL-Cart.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Local hauling https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1d87114d-b990-45a2-90a4-5d2dd8679fed/ODL-Club.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Relaxing, perhaps at Club 690 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/def28ace-1019-471b-875e-338f7476cfea/ODL-Dad_Mom.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Roger and Mildred Thomas, before deployment to India. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/40fa9848-7fa7-4270-b535-e9cec05a4dfa/ODL-Dad2.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Roger Thomas as a Tech-5, before deployment to India. The rank of Tech-5 was based on technical skill. Those holding the rank were often address as "corporal" or "tech-corporal" but had no command authority. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/fbf41cd1-175e-4d7f-b3e9-388590071a26/ODL-Dad-jeep.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Roger Thomas https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/2b73830d-f8b9-4ec0-b6de-f1fdf8129ad1/ODL-DadOnTrackedVechicle.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Tracked Vehicle for Moving Chemical Weapons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/fe642d70-6bfa-4415-90fd-4c1eb7865901/ODL-Dad-sara.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Roger Thomas and his daughter before deployment to India. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/b9d6e726-17d3-4be8-8fa1-d1dbc0e35321/ODL-Dad-Tractor.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Roger Thomas on tractor https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/439d98e8-86b8-47f4-ad98-a68eeea478f0/ODL-Dad-Tractor2.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Roger Thomas with tractor and chemical trucks (alternate view for anyone interested in the vehicles) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/0409ca42-ccfc-401f-9faf-c50bcc5202a1/ODL-Dad-Truck.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Roger Thomas with chemical truck https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/ae63291e-3fe3-4eb1-9341-b03b02cd6d76/ODL-Dog.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas A friend and a dog https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/b7f30333-8c44-46bb-b53c-e5a19553b12a/ODL-Funeral.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Funeral https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/70a36478-9e5d-41cc-97fd-e3878f64fdcd/ODL-Group1.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Friends https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/2f3a5137-5290-4741-a9c0-79e646703af2/ODL-IndianWomen.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Indian Women https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/520d0590-57c0-4220-9eac-15cf636c27fd/ODL-Men-Jeep.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Friends with a jeep https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/04b3ec89-2e17-4cc2-9d7a-84dc9450b484/ODL-Pair.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Friends https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/ae12d397-dadc-4049-8d11-d143ebbd5493/ODL-River_Boats.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Boats on the nearby river. (Damodar River?) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/07b74d0e-6b82-4426-b1a0-05275bc238c1/ODL-River-boat.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Boat on the nearby river. (Damodar River?) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/a07b642a-1d96-404b-9fb1-ff966392dd6f/ODL-River-Cattle.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Cattle https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/73761925-9cc0-4cc8-9b41-4709dae1a19b/ODL-Trucks-Indian.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Chemical trucks with an Indian worker https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/a201fb8e-4163-4d7a-91be-53a3f7b42626/ODL-unknowequipment.jpg Sergeant Roger Thomas Unidentified equipment https://www.hoosierscientist.com/bengalspecifics daily 0.75 2020-11-25 https://www.hoosierscientist.com/contact daily 0.75 2025-10-20 https://www.hoosierscientist.com/rgb2labcamera daily 0.75 2020-12-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1607887977916-ZTUHVKYEUAJE83SFBJGI/grid-combo-R.jpg New Camera Possibilities - Cameras can change Image processing software such as Adobe Photoshop already offers the option to work with images using the “gold standard” for color, based on Hering’s Opposition Process Theory. There is no fundamental reason cameras cannot bypass the intermediate steps in the retina and capture brain-ready L*a*b* data directly. Current cameras use a Bayer array of RGB (red, green, blue) filters over an array of gray-scale sensors to make each sensor replicate the sensitivity of a human cone cell. There are twice as many green filters as red ones to make things fit physically and to reflect the fact the human eye is most sensitive to greenish light. Hering’s L*a*b* system relies on comparison’s of colors, more than intensity. A Hering filter array could simply replace Bayer’s extra green filters with yellow filters. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1607983774752-JO7R4BYLDDI3CAFSML4U/image-asset.jpeg New Camera Possibilities - Both arrays require calculations The Bayer system measures only one color intensity per pixel, but assigns three values—red, green and blue—to each one. The measured value of the red pixel at right is supplemented with average blue and green values from adjacent pixels Data from up to 9 pixels is used to estimate the RGB values for each pixel, decreasing the spatial resolution. An L*a*b* system compares red to green to evaluate a* and compares yellow to blue to evaluate b*. It can also evaluate overall brightness, L*, by summing the same 4 pixels. Equivalent L*a*b* data can be obtained for each intersection point, possibly yielding both better color quality and better spatial resolution. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1608039094912-ELB57Y38O875SR9XP58U/QuattronSpectrum.jpg New Camera Possibilities - There was a Hering-based TV, but…. Sharp produced and marketed a Quattron TV which added yellow as a fourth pixel element. The screen’s light emitters, however, remained only red, green and blue. A yellow filter transmitted additional light from the red and green emitters. Even if the TV had included a yellow emitter, there were still serious limitations for the product: There was no reservoir of TV programming available in 4-color format, and The images produced by the screen still had to pass through the human retina which has just three types of cone cells. Quattron - Wikipedia Txbangert, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1608043835625-OHB61DB1UZM6AOCIZGGK/dreamstime_xxl_178825873-R.jpg New Camera Possibilities - Application Beyond the Visible Range Cameras are most often used to produce images that replicate visible colors, but not always. Photographic artists, forensic experts, art restorers, biologists, geologists, quality control technicians, the military, and even home insulators are among those with an interest in capturing images that include infrared or ultraviolet (UV) light. Some application use highly specialized sensors, but many use standard RGB cameras that have been modified. The primary modification to capture infrared is removal of the standard infrared filter. Capturing UV usually requires specialized lens. The market for these modified cameras is relatively small in number of sales, but tends toward higher priced cameras. Workers in these areas already tend to use L*a*b* processing to work with their images, and they might be early adopters of Hering-based cameras. (Thanks to Jonathan Ross Ireland for pointing out the importance of wide-spectrum imaging.) Image: © Aleksandar Viskovic | Dreamstime.com https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1608045318097-WAXGPAHVN1ME7KWPLIEX/RGBTunnel.jpg New Camera Possibilities - Will RGB digital cameras really become obsolete????? Maybe, maybe not. A new system based on Hering’s Opposition Theory of Color Vision or on some other science MIGHT yield better colors and higher resolution and it MIGHT be particularly attractive to photographers with special artistic or technical requirements. It might also be a technical failure or a commercial non-starter. In a world that spends tens of billions of dollars each year on digital imaging equipment, however, it is extremely likely that both the big manufacturers and some small startup companies are considering the same possibilities offered here by a retired physics teacher. If A Hoosier Scientist can imagine these possibilities, what can you imagine? It’s a question worth considering. https://www.hoosierscientist.com/rgb-obsolete daily 0.75 2020-12-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1607176878331-RRDE6OYD4OOAT4DDT93I/projection-maxwell.jpg Is RGB Becoming Obsolete? - Current color imaging technology is based on the Trichromatic Theory of Vision Thomas Young presented the theory in 1802, hypothesizing that the human eye has only 3 types of color receptors. In 1852, physicist James Clerk Maxwell worked with photographer Thomas Sutton to produce the first full-color photograph. Sutton captured 3 separate gray-scale images of a ribbon through red, green and blue filters. Maxwell combined the 3 images through similar filters to produce what seemed to be all the colors of the rainbow. It took nearly 5 decades before photographic chemistry developed to the point of capturing and replicating 3 separate images on 1 sheet of film. The basic principle of superimposing separate red, green and blue (RGB) images survived the transition to digital photography and still remains the basis for virtually all cameras and display devices. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1607177834730-RHMMCSH50UYZTTCJR8P4/Cone-fundamentals-with-srgb-spectrum.jpg Is RGB Becoming Obsolete? - New data supports the theory, but with modifications We now know that each of our 3 types of color receptors (called “cones”) responds to a range of colors, not just to pure red, green or blue. It is possible to fool humans into believing they see any color of the rainbow by properly stimulating the cones. To humans with normal vision, pure green plus pure red, for example, appears identical to pure yellow, although a spectrometer or prism easily reveals they are quite different. Modern cameras and display devices generally try to emulate the response curves of our eyes rather than using pure red, green and blue., but each device does so a little differently. RGB color data collected with a specific camera under specific conditions often appears highly distorted when displayed on different screens unless the math and the hardware are carefully tuned to match. Image credit: Ben Rudiak-Gould, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1607178754576-VP4KEWRXRWWERXDQGGA5/BlueDot.jpg Is RGB Becoming Obsolete? - The challenger is “Opponent Process Theory” In 1892. physiologist Ewald Hering addressed what he saw as limitations of Trichromatic Theory and proposed an alternative view. One phenomenon which trichromatic theory cannot explain is “afterimages.” People who stare at a blue dot for 20 seconds and then look at a white surface often report they see a yellowish afterimage. To explain this and other observations, Hering proposed that the information actually reaching our brains is NOT the strength of stimulation received by the separate R, G and B receptors, but rather a comparison of that stimulation in pairs. In the modern math of Hering’s theory, a* compares red to green and b* compares yellow to blue. L* expresses brightness as a quantity independent of hue. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1607525428943-4Y4T9XML8KITZ1A6N7QR/dreamstime_xxl_99165992-MSquare.jpg Is RGB Becoming Obsolete? - Hering’s theory and an artist’s wheel Scientists’ generally view visible colors as forming a line of wavelengths with distinct ends. Artists and designers are more likely to think of hues as forming a wheel with magenta folded back and transitioning to red just as smoothly as red transitions to yellow. The wheel is important not just as a technical guide for mixing paints, but also as an aesthetic guide. Yellow and blue, for example, lie roughly opposite each other on the wheel to form a complimentary pair. Not only do yellow and blue pigments combine to form neutral grays, but these hues also compliment each other when placed side-by-side, producing a particularly dramatic impact. (Image used by permission, © Mpavlov, Dreamstime.com) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1607180579942-1WFAYFGUZUJZP9JR3CTE/Histo-Meimei.jpg Is RGB Becoming Obsolete? - Both theories may be correct and both are still in practical use We do not yet have a full and unified theory of human color vision, but one possibility is that trichromatic theory is the best description of events at the level of receptors, while opponent process theory describes pre-processing of the raw intensity data which might occur in the optic nerve. Image processing software such as Adobe Photoshop provides options to work with either the multitude of RGB systems which suit different cameras and output devices or an L*a*b* system, which Photoshop calls “Lab Color.” Unlike the various RGB systems, the L*a*b* system is “device independent, referenced to the actual human experience of color, not to the characteristics of specific camera or display devices. More Photoshop details. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1607187169855-G0HZI4R7RWCWJKH428VA/FilmCamera.jpg Is RGB Becoming Obsolete? - Is Digital RGB becoming obsolete? L*a*b* is sometimes called the “gold standard” of image processing, since it seems closer to the actual human experience of color than is RGB. There are, however, no L*a*b* cameras or display devices on the market. It seems very unlikely that commercially viable L*a*b* cameras or computer screens will come to market anytime soon. It seems every less likely, however, that RGB will rule the world of color imaging forever. https://www.hoosierscientist.com/video-links daily 0.75 2020-12-05 https://www.hoosierscientist.com/bombsnotdropped daily 0.75 2021-12-31 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1611946366211-AHUPQ3H16IDALA1GQ6PD/Gassed%2C+by+John+Singer Whys and Hows of Chemical Warfare in WWII “Gassed” by John Singer Sargent. Used with permission of Imperial War Museums, London. © IWM Art.IWM ART 1460 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1611953719489-3SQP9BLE2RVUGQIS7M3M/AH_LOGO_2_line_transparentx767.jpg Whys and Hows of Chemical Warfare in WWII Trusted Writing on History, Travel, Food and Culture Since 1949 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1612024535946-82UPDQCBKAPZOJQA3LSL/AmericanSoldiersCalcutta1943.jpg Whys and Hows of Chemical Warfare in WWII American Soldiers n 1943, preparing to tour a Jain Temple, National Archives at College Park, Still Picture Unit, 208-11-45-AEF-HH-2, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/bc3ce814-80fa-4b50-9e00-9525168429d9/ChemWarfareDigest_3-Cover.jpg Whys and Hows of Chemical Warfare in WWII https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1612027743349-RQRO3VJJ4319OVTRJTOI/B-29-CFR.jpg Whys and Hows of Chemical Warfare in WWII https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1612027340119-Q8JE6R7DCIK5Z98ZEMFA/B-29s-firebombs.jpg Whys and Hows of Chemical Warfare in WWII https://www.hoosierscientist.com/blacktroops daily 0.75 2021-10-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1612024370902-V9Z1J1QKD4LQBDF81O1Z/SoldierBrownTrainingVideo.jpg Were Black Troops Important to CWS? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1612098950870-6A92FKNOII2C4XOFIFVF/AmericanSoldiersCalcutta1943.jpg Were Black Troops Important to CWS? American Soldiers in 1943, preparing to tour a Jain Temple in Calcutta https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1612117654929-JM3W944A0XV49JYJODIP/Trucks_and_local.jpg Were Black Troops Important to CWS? USAAF Chemical Trunks and an Indian worker https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1612364461041-XFFRVIGNVOYF81C65XAE/AH_LOGO_2_line_transparentx767.jpg Were Black Troops Important to CWS? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1612189965554-MFZ34SPMOT6WFJ5CHU6Z/IndianContext.jpg Were Black Troops Important to CWS? Indian Refugees from Burma wait to cross the Irrawaddy (Source: Life Magazine June 1942,) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1612364802638-N2YTF2VRQOKAITHJR4WG/B-29s-firebombs.jpg Were Black Troops Important to CWS? https://www.hoosierscientist.com/ondalphotos daily 0.75 2021-03-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/95997203-6751-4321-a0d3-6dff47c952d8/PreparingtheRunway2.jpg Photos of Ondal Air Base "Native women spread a truck load of crushed stone evenly over the area surrounding the warehouse at Ondal Army Air Base in India. The work is under the supervision of the 305th Service Group, 1943." National Archives photo no. 342-FH_000461 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/f463975e-5711-4d37-bf4a-1254faa39aac/Mission1.jpg Photos of Ondal Air Base "Major J. A. Philpott, Commanding Officer of the 490th Bomb Squadron, 341st Bomb Group and crew pose beside their plane at Ondal Airfield, India. 15 March 1943. They are, left to right: Major Philpott, pilot, 1st Lt. Rider, Bombardier; 1st Lt. Zeidler, Bombardier; Sgt. Rollins, Gunner; S/Sgt. W. Henry, Engineer-gunner; S/Sgt. Roper, Co-pilot." National Archives photo no. 342-FH_001294 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/cc483e86-01c6-4aae-a5fe-f1b4c7ed3721/Work1.jpg Photos of Ondal Air Base "Natives move large crates of supplies along the warehouse loading platform at Ondal Army Air Base, India. When the crates are to be loaded on trucks, they use pipes as rollers and push the crates from the platform to the truck. 305th Service Group, 1943." National Archives photo no. 342-FH_001236 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/b3e8e610-735d-40e8-9116-92c2aede39a4/PreparingtheRunway.jpg Photos of Ondal Air Base "Before camouflage Is applied to the newly constructed runway at Ondal Army Air Base in India, natives brush off the concrete to remove all foreign matter in order that the camouflage can be properly applied. 305th Service Group, 1943" National Archives photo no. 342-FH_000455 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/26619c38-7bd6-4652-b381-1e9417fbbbec/PreparingtheRunway3.jpg Photos of Ondal Air Base "Without the conveniences of modern equipment, natives lay concrete during construction of a runway at Ondal Army Air Base in India. The project was under supervision of the 305th Service Croup. 1943" National Archives photo no. 342-FH_000453 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/9cf1c05d-f85b-499b-9aba-0da4209dac42/PreparingtheRunway4.jpg Photos of Ondal Air Base "Native women fill earthen jugs with water from the rice paddies; the water will be dumped on crushed stone used in the construction or runways, roads, etc. at Ondal Army Air Base in India. 305th Service Group, 1943" National Archives photo no. 342-FH_000465 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/2c7e7a16-9918-406a-803c-dbae9aeb7c97/PreparingtheRunway5.jpg Photos of Ondal Air Base "To build up the shoulders of the runway under construction at Ondal Army Air Base, India, natives mix crushed stone with asphalt, spread It along the runway, and then roll the area. 305Th Service Group, 1943" National Archives photo no. 342-FH_000457 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/65bc0aae-60e8-44ab-bbef-f057e832e491/PreparingtheRunway6.jpg Photos of Ondal Air Base "Natives remove part of an earthen revetment instead of digging earth necessary for building purposes at Ondal Army Air Base in India. The work is under the supervision of the 305th Service Group, 1943." National Archives photo no. 342-FH_000463 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/44d65fba-6ceb-44a8-a4b9-6043e253d9b0/PreparingtheRunway7.jpg Photos of Ondal Air Base "Natives dump a truck load of crushed stone on the warehouse yard at Ondal AAB in India. The work is under the supervision of the 305th Service Group, 1943." National Archives photo no. 342-FH_000459 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/add01d42-5b6c-4b2b-8ee8-ef31ff653be8/Mission3.jpg Photos of Ondal Air Base "Mechanics make major repairs on the engines of the North American B-25 "Hard to Get" at the service center of the 305th Service Group on Ondal Army Air Base in India. 1943" National Archives photo no. 342-FH_000083 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/ad65e9dd-170d-4fe7-8ad5-9ff6e6787c7d/Mission4.jpg Photos of Ondal Air Base "Mechanics over haul the engines on the Curtiss C-46 "The Mountain Goat" at Ondal Army Air Base in India. 305th Service Group, 1943" National Archives photo no. 342-FH_000081 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/462ee89c-7ad7-4bfd-b4e0-747d352e1d7a/Party1.jpg Photos of Ondal Air Base "The name of the enlisted men's club was revealed at the dance officially opening the club, ending the "Name the Club" contest. The choice of the council was "Club 690", submitted by Sgt. Norbert C. Greskowiak; "Club 690" corresponds to Ondal Army Air Base's APO number. Here, Sgt. Greskowiak gloats over his prize - 24 cans of American beer. 1943, India." National Archives photo no. 342-FH_000634 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/f6d6f166-ca0e-444c-9561-00c28350bebd/Party2.jpg Photos of Ondal Air Base "GI's and their partners dance to the melodic music provided by Sgt. Al Strubel and his orchestra at the opening of the "Club 690", a recreational center for enlisted men stationed at Ondal Army Air Base inIndia. Many of the girls present were member of the Indian Women's Auxiliary Corps, who, upon invitation of the American Red Cross, served as dancing partners of the men. 1943." National Archives photo no. 342-FH_000632 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/64d07df8-8d88-467c-be95-8036c97a13c1/Party5.jpg Photos of Ondal Air Base "At the grand opening of the enlisted men's 'Club 690' at Ondal Army Air Based in India, the soft drink fountain, operated by beaming natives, was kept busy providing the GI's with 'Vimto,' a native drink faintly resembling Coca Cola, and 'Lemba-pani,' the Indian version of lime juice. 1943" National Archives photo no. 342-FH_000626 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/0e887e97-62ef-4d9a-843f-571dbdcf47dd/Party7.jpg Photos of Ondal Air Base "American Red Cross women take time out to rest before the onrush of GI's seeking entertainment at the opening of "Club 690" at Ondal Army Air Base in India. They are, left to right" Miss Mary Jane Young, Miss Margaret Blake, Miss Frances Barrell and Miss Phyllis Ripley. 1943" National Archives photo no. 342-FH_000622 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/7f1e348a-6d45-4ad1-9c37-821a6cd1311f/Party9.jpg Photos of Ondal Air Base "Major Percy W. Newton, Ondal Army Air Base finance officer, discusses the opening of Club 690 with Mr. Zisser and Mr. Jim Idol of the American Red Cross, and an Indian officer. Officers were invited to inspect the enlisted men's club on the afternoon of the grand opening. India, 1943" National Archives photo no. 342-FH_000618 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/9709ad55-f93c-4ffb-8af4-ecc2b9508fe5/Work2.jpg Photos of Ondal Air Base "At the gasoline station on Ondal Army Air Base, India, natives pump gasoline into five gallon cans and in turn empty the fuel in the vehicles. 305th Service Group, 1943" National Archives photo no. 342-FH_000338 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/e38e87c9-2120-46aa-a31f-baf2a710c13e/Mission5.jpg Photos of Ondal Air Base "M/Sgt. Fred L. Hardy of Silver Springs, Maryland, checks the cleaning of refrigerated trailers at the Quartermaster Service Center at Ondal, India. Since the temperature reaches up to 130° F at times, some type of refrigerated transportation was a necessity. In this instance, an insulated wooden box was put inside the conventional trailers. Note the thatched roof of the commissary in the background. 305th Service Group, December 1943." National Archives photo no. 342-FH_001088 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/459b60f0-e8fb-4620-b159-48a065331877/Air-Base-Context.jpg Photos of Ondal Air Base 2021 view of the crossed Ondal Air Base runways,, between the town of Andal (lower left) the Grand Trunk Road (AH1) and the modern Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport (upper right). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1616517308728-RJ23Y75B1I65P85MI2CO/Ondal-Composite.jpg Photos of Ondal Air Base https://www.hoosierscientist.com/ondalrunways daily 0.75 2021-10-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1612024370902-V9Z1J1QKD4LQBDF81O1Z/SoldierBrownTrainingVideo.jpg Are US Chemical Weapons Buried in India? Training Video for Chemical Soldiers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1611946366211-AHUPQ3H16IDALA1GQ6PD/gassed.jpg Are US Chemical Weapons Buried in India? The Why and Why Not of Chemical Weapons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1610568624294-MAJUHDAHD32GH9CZ1W5T/Trucks_and_local.jpg Are US Chemical Weapons Buried in India? Original Source: Unit History Reports from the Company Operating Ondal Advanced Chemical Park https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1612024535946-82UPDQCBKAPZOJQA3LSL/AmericanSoldiersCalcutta1943.jpg Are US Chemical Weapons Buried in India? Segregated Service In WWII https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1621615087101-4B9491RJ5MRX9T92I1KA/ChartersTowers-cropped+copy.jpg Are US Chemical Weapons Buried in India? Chemical Weapons in the Pacific Theater https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/a47212f9-e18a-4d02-9a77-58adece3defe/OceanDumping.jpg Are US Chemical Weapons Buried in India? Interactive Map of Ocean-Dumped Chemical Weapons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1606412279172-CAGUYPGH6FLWFK9S5WE0/CBI-Chemicals-TruckRow.jpg Are US Chemical Weapons Buried in India? Photos from Ondal ACP, by Hoosier Scientist's Father https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/473b1dec-96d9-4417-9659-70c1e98ad9db/IMG-756-01-600.jpg Are US Chemical Weapons Buried in India? The Story of Sgt. Solomen Rangel https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1621725139678-76XNFU5JZ6V9C47A2AI1/ToxicYardCT-cropped.jpg Are US Chemical Weapons Buried in India? Public Opinion Polls on the Use of Toxic Chemicals https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/959749a7-bdb9-4351-80ac-dc3a10fedad7/CWSDigest_Jun1945-reccover.jpg Are US Chemical Weapons Buried in India? Details about the fire-bombing of Japan in early 1945 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/29f7771d-62da-4b82-9ee2-083bcf514398/Burma+India+4x3.jpg Are US Chemical Weapons Buried in India? Is this the monument described in the reports of the 771st Chemical Depot Company? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1616852376128-MANMG6XXZXICU37S4G50/India-Burma-Malaya.jpg Are US Chemical Weapons Buried in India? Areas of Allied and Japanese Control https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1616856316521-CPUHB7UQSRXT4R41YQX8/Mission3.jpg Are US Chemical Weapons Buried in India? Images of Ondal Air Base from the National Archives https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1616859726585-9YMPZOTKVIS7043UWPVN/PreparingtheRunway2.jpg Are US Chemical Weapons Buried in India? Bengal in 1943 https://www.hoosierscientist.com/icharterstowers daily 0.75 2022-10-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1621727786494-OPI369HRV7LFRFQJNH7H/ToxicYardCT-cropped.jpg US Chemical Weapons in the Pacific Theater A portion of the Toxic Yard at Charters Towers, Queensland, Australia (APO 710) https://www.hoosierscientist.com/index-771st daily 0.75 2021-11-06 https://www.hoosierscientist.com/copernicus daily 0.75 2021-12-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/e84dd600-0b1a-4189-aefd-747c21c72f46/2021-12-6.jpg Can You Make the Copernican Shift? A view from Earth, showing the positions of Saturn, Jupiter, Venus and the Moon. Images in the background are an Arabic interpretation of star constellations. The grid in degrees shows right ascension and declination, the modern astronomical system for locating points among the fixed constellations. The sun has just disappeared below the horizon at the bottom right. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/06fca4be-a8c1-431c-8262-f7b04cc84533/2021-12-8.jpg Can You Make the Copernican Shift? Forty-eight hours later, the constellations have shifted in unison, while the planets have moved in a slightly different way. Both images were created using Stellarium, a free desktop planetarium. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/be191357-324a-4c07-b394-5f4ec2f3e37f/HeliocentricView.jpg Can You Make the Copernican Shift? © Oleksii Bezrodnii | Dreamstime.com https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/dc3ce540-e7f7-4cbc-b64f-80ebb58e9b0d/Sky-Telescope+copy.jpg Can You Make the Copernican Shift? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/860aa25c-624a-42d0-8b33-466450e62f53/OSU-Miami+copy.jpg Can You Make the Copernican Shift? BenRG, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/10b7b361-017f-44f1-ac27-d8964dc56cf2/DailyDevotional.jpg Can You Make the Copernican Shift? https://www.hoosierscientist.com/cwsdigest3 daily 0.75 2022-04-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/959749a7-bdb9-4351-80ac-dc3a10fedad7/CWSDigest_Jun1945-reccover.jpg WWII Firestorm -- Original Source Material https://www.hoosierscientist.com/shamshernagar daily 0.75 2022-05-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1605644009097-9LRG76GX4F56JV0H877E/DSC_4612.jpg Why Were Chemical Bombs Stored at Shamshernagar? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/05295e9a-a941-445d-a892-99ce1b4e9216/Shamshernagar-AreaMap.jpg Why Were Chemical Bombs Stored at Shamshernagar? BenRG, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/150e9b87-7be3-4cca-b786-1d83e0595ca3/national-archives-2-college-park-md-620.jpg Why Were Chemical Bombs Stored at Shamshernagar? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1610916576669-IOKVW2LGVHQZ2XOLTUTY/TrainingVideo.jpg Why Were Chemical Bombs Stored at Shamshernagar? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/dc2da881-69ee-4b91-a98a-fb44a3c3d6e6/dana5.jpg Why Were Chemical Bombs Stored at Shamshernagar? BenRG, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1638655095807-CUMMLFWIBVKBJR8PQ39V/ChemicalTrucks1.jpg Why Were Chemical Bombs Stored at Shamshernagar? https://www.hoosierscientist.com/abandoned-at-oro-bay daily 0.75 2023-03-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/faea4021-5dd4-4e14-afdd-ee649bfa8aeb/IMG-20230303-WA0005.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/56745afc-ca91-461e-8190-cf8e1ebb18c7/PO1362.004 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/e35d3aa7-5d04-4452-a10c-0d56862dd1a6/BombLeavingTable+copy.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1dd275b0-de0f-4cab-955f-13e45647e2ff/GoogleEarth01+copy.jpg https://www.hoosierscientist.com/untold-secrets daily 0.75 2023-07-18 https://www.hoosierscientist.com/lockett daily 0.75 2023-05-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1684781252767-2NNJQG1W2UAEO0R4EIFA/AfricanAm-bombs.jpg https://www.hoosierscientist.com/seabury-docs daily 0.75 2023-06-08 https://www.hoosierscientist.com/seabury daily 0.75 2023-06-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/d4f343ee-6ddb-47fb-9451-fe2b40e2578a/ShamAreaMap.jpg https://www.hoosierscientist.com/wakefield daily 0.75 2023-07-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/1689598907534-1NZ15MU6VQLSF0FA2IOQ/LCM-2_from_USS_President_Jackson_%28AP-37%29_beached_on_Guadalcanal%2C_circa_1942_%28USMC_51371%29.jpg https://www.hoosierscientist.com/dangerwargases daily 0.75 2024-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fb412fade25ba1f216ad0d5/32c10957-f99c-4f9f-beb3-ac92f8da0c99/Burma+India+4x3.jpg